Sources

Lockwood₂₀₂₅ “Building Future-Proof CO2 Transport Infrastructure in Europe”, Clean Air Task Force

The European Union’s net-zero emissions goal by 2050 requires large-scale CO2 capture and storage to decarbonize industries and enable atmospheric CO2 removal. The 2024 Industrial Carbon Management Strategy targets capturing and storing 250 million tonnes of CO2 annually by 2050, necessitating a robust transport network of 15,000–19,000 km of pipelines, complemented by ships, rail, and road. Ships are critical for flexible, cost-effective transport, especially for smaller or isolated emitters and regions lacking pipeline access, such as those relying on North Sea or Mediterranean storage. Europe’s 200,000 km natural gas pipeline network and the U.S.’s 8,000 km CO2 pipeline system highlight the feasibility of such infrastructure. Emerging CO2 networks, including offshore pipelines and onshore systems in countries like Belgium and the Netherlands, face high costs and long lead times. A cohesive EU regulatory framework is vital to ensure safe, equitable, and cost-optimized access to CO2 transport infrastructure, including ships, while addressing monopoly risks and cross-border coordination to support decarbonization.

Rossi₂₀₂₃ “Carbon Capture and Storage Deployment in Europe”, Clean Air Task Force

Across Europe, countries are increasingly recognising the vital role for carbon capture and storage in their industrial decarbonisation strategies. Modelling has shown that to achieve our climate objectives, up to 600 million tonnes of CO₂ will need to be permanently stored across the continent by 2050. As part of this large-scale deployment, countries across Europe will need to understand the mitigation opportunities for deployment in key industrial sectors as well as their national storage landscape.

Singh₂₀₂₄ “Carbon Capture and Storage: Seeking a Bankable Business Model”,

While the first CCS projects receive significant government subsidies, scaling up the solution will require private-sector investments, primarily from banks and large infrastructure funds. However, for CCS to become bankable, key investment hurdles should be addressed. Firstly, CCS should be economically attractive for emitters, and secondly, various technical and commercial risks for both emitters and CO2 transport and storage providers should be mitigated. CCS commercial frameworks are still under development across Europe and the US, with current focus mainly on making CCS economically acceptable for emitters. The analysis indicates that only the UK has implemented an investable CCS business model. This was achieved through a structured approach to clusters development and adopting the regulated asset base approach, which determines the allowable revenue.

Faber₂₀₂₀ “Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020”, International Maritime Organization

The Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2020 reports a 9.6% increase in total shipping greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide (expressed in CO2e), from 977 million tonnes in 2012 to 1,076 million tonnes in 2018. CO2 emissions alone rose 9.3% to 1,056 million tonnes, with shipping’s share in global anthropogenic emissions increasing from 2.76% to 2.89%. International shipping CO2 emissions grew 5.6% (voyage-based) or 8.4% (vessel-based) over the same period, maintaining a stable ~2% of global CO2 emissions. Carbon intensity improved by 21–29% voyage-based and 22–32% vessel-based from 2008 to 2018, though the pace of reduction slowed post-2015. Emissions are projected to rise to 90–130% of 2008 levels by 2050, influenced by economic and energy scenarios. COVID-19 may slightly lower near-term emissions, but long-term projections remain uncertain, aligning with global decarbonization challenges.

Irving₂₀₁₉ “Harbour Development: A Practical Guide”, Winckworth Sherwood

A practical introduction to the process of authorisation of port or harbour schemes in England. It is aimed at potential developers and/or consultants who are new to the subject and outlines the permissions required, as well as some of the issues to be considered, when bringing forward a scheme that includes a harbour. The note focuses on applications for orders under the Harbours Act 1964 (“the 1964 Act”), which remains the relevant consenting process for any port and harbour developments (including marinas) that do not meet one of the thresholds for nationally significant infrastructure. The note also mentions some relevant policy matters that potential developers should be aware of. Finally, it describes the key skill-sets that will be required in the project team in order to put together a compliant application.

Tso₂₀₂₃ “How much is a ton of carbon dioxide?”, MIT Office of Sustainability

In 2022, human activities emitted over 40 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels. A single metric ton of CO2 occupies a 27’ x 27’ x 27’ cube, equivalent to the weight of a great white shark or 400 bricks. The average American generates 15 tons annually, enough to fill over three Olympic-sized swimming pools. Everyday activities like driving (4.6 tons per year for a typical car) and air travel (1 ton per 3,000-mile round-trip flight) contribute significantly, alongside food production (2 tons per person annually). Large-scale processes, such as electricity generation and steel manufacturing (nearly 2 tons of CO2 per ton of steel), dominate emissions. Switching to electric vehicles can reduce emissions to 22% of a gas car’s output. Globally, 40 billion tons of CO2 would cover Alaska, Texas, and California to a depth of 27 feet, underscoring the scale of emissions.

Tupper₂₀₁₃ “Introduction to Naval Architecture”, Butterworth-Heinemann

This book provides a broad appreciation of the science and art of naval architecture, explaining the subject in physical rather than in mathematical terms. While covering basic principles, such as hull geometry, propulsion, and stability, the book also addresses contemporary topics, such as computer aided design and computer aided manufacture (CAD/CAM). The new edition reflects the continuing developments in technology, changes in international regulations and recent research.

Dewberry₂₀₁₉ “Land Development Handbook”, Dewberry

This thoroughly revised resource lays out step-by-step approaches, from feasibility through design and into permitting stages of land development projects. Land Development Handbook, Fourth Edition, offers a holistic view of the land development process for public and private project types—including residential, commercial, mixed-use, and institutional. The book contains the latest information on green technologies and environmentally conscious design methods. Detailed technical appendices, revised graphics, and case studies round out the content included.

Stopford₂₀₀₈ “Maritime Economics”, Routledge

The definitive comprehensive guide to the global shipping industry, blending five millennia of historical insights with rigorous economic theory to demystify the competitive dynamics of modern sea transport. The 3rd edition explores shipping market cycles dating back to 1741, the intricacies of supply, demand, and freight rates across the four key shipping markets, and the financial underpinnings of ship ownership, including costs, revenue, financing, and risk management. Newly expanded sections of the book delve into the geography of maritime trade, principles of bulk and specialised cargo transport, the economics of shipbuilding and recycling, regulatory frameworks, and the art and pitfalls of forecasting, making it the go to reference for students, industry professionals, and policymakers seeking to navigate the blend of logistical sophistication and entrepreneurial vigour that defines this vital pillar of the world economy.

Boyland₂₀₂₂ “NoGAPS: Nordic Green Ammonia Powered Ships: Phase 2: Commercialising Early Ammonia-Powered Vessels”, Nordic Innovation

The Nordic Green Ammonia Powered Ships (NoGAPS) project brought together key players from the Nordic shipping and energy value chains to develop a first-of-a-kind ammonia-powered gas carrier, the M/S NoGAPS. Their report summarises the main outputs and findings from their project, including an overview of the design decisions, general vessel arrangement, financing strategies to commercialise the first ships in the market, and how they connect to wider economic viability questions.

Notteboom₂₀₂₂ “Port Economics, Management and Policy”, Routledge

Port Economics, Management, and Policy (PEMP) analyses the contemporary port industry and how ports are organised to serve the global economy and regional and local development needs. It uses a conceptual background supported by extensive fieldwork and empirical observations, such as analysing flows, ports, and the strategies and policies articulating their dynamics. The port industry is comprehensively investigated in this unique compilation.

Istrate₂₀₂₂ “Quantifying emissions in the European maritime sector (EUR 31050 EN)”, Publications Office of the European Union

Shipping is a large and growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as of local pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and particulate matter. Scientific-based evidences indicate the need for global action and policies to tackle these emissions. The EU is following an environmental strategy to reduce emissions from the shipping sector. Actions on energy efficiency, emission abatement systems and more efficient ship hulls are important in mitigating shipping emissions increase, but further actions are needed when pursuing a long-term downward trend. The most important additional decarbonisation action is the use of alternative clean fuels. When understanding the potential environmental impacts of maritime systems fuel emissions, a full life cycle perspective should be followed in order to avoid potential pitfalls. In this respect, this report performs two analysis: 1) An analysis of the GHG emitted by ships transiting in EU ports in 2019, based on the publicly available MRV-THETIS database; 2) A meta-study of the life cycle assessments (LCA) on maritime systems and alternative fuels for maritime propulsion available in the literature. The trends and gaps discussed throughout this report can serve the EU decarbonisation goals by providing recommendations for future actions aimed at quantifying and reducing maritime emissions.

Zogolovitch₂₀₁₈ “Shouldn’t We All Be Developers?”, Solidspace

Shouldn’t we all be developers’ articulates Roger Zogolovitch’s vision for recognition of the independent and creative developer playing their part to generate supply of new homes in the UK and beyond to meet population demand. Housing as a human right is the premise.

Kearns₂₀₂₅ “State of the Art: CCS Technologies 2023”, Global CCS Insititute

Compendium showcasing a wide range of commercially available CCS technologies, providing insights on the latest advancements made globally with an overview of over 70 technologies and solutions, along with details surrounding key benefits and relevant facts and figures tied to the innovations highlighted.

Branwen₂₀₂₀ “Subscripts for Citations”, Gwern

Proposal for reviving an old General Semantics notation: borrowing from scientific writing and using subscripts like ‘Gwern2020’ for denoting sources (like citation, timing, or medium). Using subscript indices is flexible, compact, universally technically supported, and intuitive. This convention can go beyond formal academic citation and be extended further to ‘evidentials’ in general, indicating the source & date of statements. While (currently) unusual, subscripting might be a useful trick for clearer writing, compared to omitting such information or using standard cumbersome circumlocutions.

Energistyrelsen₂₀₂₄ “Technology Data for Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage”, Danish Energy Agency & Energinet

Technology catalogue that describes solutions that can capture, transport and store carbon. The catalogue covers various forms of carbon capture technologies for thermal plants and the industrial sector, as well as direct air capture, and contains different infrastructural solutions regarding CO₂ transport and storage. The catalogue also evaluates the development potential of those CCS technologies.

Jordal₂₀₂₃ “The CCS Midt-Norge cluster”, SINTEF

This report is the final outcome of the CCS Midt-Norge project, which was executed from March 2021 until February 2023. The purpose of the project has been to establish a regional cluster for CCS infrastructure in Mid-Norway. The industries cooperating in the project are Franzefoss Minerals (representing Verdalskalk Hylla and NorFraKalk), Statkraft Varme Heimdal, Elkem Thamshavn, Wacker Holla Metall and Equinor Tjeldbergodden. Statkraft Varme has been project owner and SINTEF has been project manager and main executor of the work.

Rodrigue₂₀₂₄ “The Geography of Transport Systems”, Routledge

The mobility of passengers and freight is fundamental to economic and social activities such as commuting, manufacturing, distributing goods, or supplying energy. Each movement has a purpose, an origin, a potential set of intermediate locations, and a destination. Mobility is supported and driven by transport systems composed of infrastructures, modes, and terminals. They enable individuals, institutions, corporations, regions, and nations to interact and undertake economic, social, cultural, or political activities. Understanding how mobility is linked with the geography of transportation is the primary purpose of this textbook.