Study on the Critical Raw Materials for the EU 2023: Final Report

The 2023 CRM Final Report served as the technical foundation for the Critical Raw Materials Act, expanding the EU’s list to 34 Critical Raw Materials and 17 Strategic Raw Materials following assessment of over 60 candidate materials. The study refined the supply risk and economic importance thresholds inherited from earlier CRM cycles, but retained the structural feature that near-zero EU import reliance collapses the supply risk score regardless of global production concentration — meaning that materials the EU happens to produce at home remain invisible to the criticality framework even when their long-run availability cannot be taken for granted.